Tools of the Astronomer :: essays research papers

The Telescope of the Astronomer   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Years and Years ago, astronomers didn't have the advantage of the telescope. They could only use their naked eye. It wasn't until Galileo first made a better telescope that it could be used for looking into space. Most every telescope you buy today is better than the one he used. These telescopes have revolutionized astronomy in general.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Galileo first took his telescope and looked at the sky he saw amazing things. He saw craters on the Moon, dark spots on the surface of the Sun, tiny moons moving around Jupiter. No one else had ever seen these things. With the modern telescopes we use today, we can see many many more things.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Light from planets, stars and galaxies spreads itself on Earth, and a telescope collects this light and lets us look at the object the light came from. Some telescopes, called refracting telescopes, collect and focus light through a glass lens. Another type, the reflecting telescopes, reflect light on a glass mirror. The bigger the telescope the more light it collects, giving us a better view of what we want to look at. Some don't have just one big mirror, it has many little mirrors that fit together like bathroom tile. With the help of a computer, these little mirrors work together like one big mirror. The Hubble Space Telescope is the largest orbiting optical telescope in history.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The refracting and reflecting telescopes collect and focus visible light, which is light that we can see. There are also other types of light that we cannot see. Nowadays astronomers have telescopes to looks at different types of light. On Earth we can look at visible light and radio waves. A few of the very largest telescopes look for radio light. Other types of light, like X-ray light and ultraviolet light, can only be looked at from space, so astronomers have built telescopes in space that orbit the Earth. The most famous is the Hubbell Space Telescope.

Changing Market Environment Essay

Changes in the Marketing Environment and its Implications The word â€Å"Marketing† refers to an activity that is strategically concerned with the management of relationship among an organization and environment. Environment could be described as an internal and external condition to an organization. Internal Environment consists of situational factors that are present within the organizational boundaries whereas external environment consists of any factors or conditions that are not under the control of an organization. Internal Environment creates strengths or weaknesses for a firm, however external environment may create opportunities or threats. Over the past some years, a significant change in external environment has been happened. In response to the change in external environment, companies have to change themselves and plan accordingly. Successful companies do not treat environment as a constraint, rather they view it as an opportunity. Some time the change in the environment becomes a competitive advantage for a firm who exploits the change at a right time. Changes in the Marketing Environment: Since a last decade or two, significant changes in the marketing environment have been observed in the marketplace. These significant changes could be categorized as, supply versus demand environment, rising expectations, innovation in technologies, globalization, increasing focus on service, fashionisation of markets, erosion of brands, micro markets, commoditization and other constraints. Previously, many companies do not bother to even think about customer needs and wants. They only concentrated on their production and specialization side. However, over time marketing managers realized the fact that understanding customer needs, behaviors and wants are crucial for customer satisfaction which ensures the continuity of an organization in the market. Now every other business is trying to achieve customer satisfaction, meet customer expectations and increase their customer average life. These things have forced the companies now to focus on demand side rather than supply side. Innovation in products and technologies is another source of change in the marketing environment. As pointed out earlier, that companies are now more focused on customer needs and wants. This thing has induced companies to bring innovation in their product features and processes. Competition has increased disastrously, which is forcing the firms to squeeze their profit margins and bring more efficiency in their production and processes. In order to accomplish this, companies demands more efficient technologies. This is something that every company in a particular industry has to follow. In order to remain competitive, all the companies have to adapt the new technology. Adapting the new technology or process means quitting the older ones, this brings change into the environment. In today’s world, the concept of Globalization is becoming more and more common. Globalization is progressing at a very fast speed. In fact, now many countries are supporting the phenomenon of free trade which is uplifting the globalization. Another factor that underlies the globalization trend is the dramatic developments in information processing and transportation technologies. Now many firms have global presence which pushes them to think about marketing and environment in a global context. In this regard, an organization has not only to take care about domestic market environment, in fact international market environment as well. Companies are now shifting their focus more on service side which cannot be standardized. Uniqueness and complexity of a service determines the extent of relationship between a business and the customer. Service is more customized than product. This customized nature of service is one of the sources of changing marketing environment. Customers’ trends are changing rapidly. As a result their purchase intentions are also changing. Behaviors of customers have significantly changed from the past. In 1970’s – 1990’s customers do not want to experience new things; rather they like to use same products and services. They were more rigid. However, today consumers want change, they want to experience new things, and much more flexible. These are some of the reasons of fashionisatin and erosion of brands. All these things are demanding more change in the marketing environment. Earlier, all businesses produce goods and then market them broadly to the general public without considering the needs of specific consumers in the market. However, in the current situation companies are adopting more targeted approach. In this regard, they advertise and market their product primarily to their target market. Companies now are increasing their reliance on niche marketing and specialization which is also refers to micro market. This phenomenon of micro market is creating change in the marketing environment and possessing challenge to the marketer. Change in the marketing environment also comes from the product life cycle. As product moves from one stage to another, a change occurs. In the earlier and middle stages of the product, companies try to differentiate their products which help them to charge premiums from the customers. However, in the later stages of the product, commoditization happens. Commoditization is a concept which reduces the differentiation. Reduction in the differentiation would results in the shrinkage of profit margins. Generally, companies do not want to commoditize and strives to prolong the middle stage of the product. The main point here is this that market environment would change with the change in the life cycle stage of product. Usually, commoditization also poses challenge to the marketer. Expectations of consumers are increasing from the companies. In the past, consumers did not expect much from the companies but now their expectations have increased with the increase in production technologies and competition. They expect more in terms of product quality and service. In order to meet the changing expectation and increasing demands of the consumers, companies need to change in their culture also. Therefore, rising expectations of consumers are also posing a change in the marketing environment. Apart from the above stated factors, companies also have to face number of other constraints as well which would create a change in the environment. These constraints could be related to economic, political or cultural constraints. Not always, but sometimes these constraints could bring a disastrous change in the marketing environment. Therefore, organizations have to be keep ready all the time to deal with any of the constraints. Changing Marketing Strategies: In this changing environment, companies have to be prepared for changing in their marketing strategies.

Essay on Industrial Revolution - 729 Words

How Did The Industrial Revolution Affect A Person’s Quality of Life? One’s quality of life is defined as the degree of well-being felt by a person or a group of persons. It is concerned with a citizen’s consumption of goods and services, human rights and the environment. The industrial revolution have produced great wealth to many citizens that influences their state of well being. Others may argue that the changes and advancements in society have brought the burden of scarce resources, diseases and pollution among it’s people. Rather the opposite is true, the positive effects that the revolution have introduced such as the high availability of employment, food, and human rights and the opportunity for future growth overpowers these†¦show more content†¦Presently new advancements in society like the computer phenomena have created plenty of opportunities for many citizens, and as new inventions are continually being introduced the demands for workers remains to increase. It is right for a person to say that as the requirements of consumers expand, the factory system and production enlarges consequently inflicting the availability of world resources for the future. Yet, a particular aspect that affect quality of living is the satisfaction one feels through the attainment of their needs and wants. The centralization of production in factories have increased the expedience of both required necessities and unimportant highly desired products. One evident factor is the access to the efficient harvests of fundamental foods. As a result of new technologies in the domestication of plants and animals, people’s diets contain more variety and food sources have become more secure. In the past the productions of necessities were very low, inefficient and undependable. The realm of wants was oblivious to citizens as they spent long hours and performed hard labor to achieve life’s essentials. After the industrial revolution basic needs such as food, h ealth, education, shelter, water supply and sanitation are easily accessible and attainable. It’s true that as the Industrial age evolved accompanying itself withShow MoreRelatedIndustrial Of The Industrial Revolution1666 Words   |  7 PagesMartinez English IV, 1st hour 4/29/16 The Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution set people away from farms and small villages and moved them to cities and towns because of the job opportunities that arose in the cities. The Industrial Revolution not only helped people move along in the late 1700s and early 1800s but also it has made the people what they are today. During the Industrial Revolution, the movement from an agrarian society to an industrial one reshaped the roles of families, widenRead MoreThe Revolution Of The Industrial Revolution917 Words   |  4 PagesWhen thinking of the industrial revolution, I usually correlate this transitional period to great advancements in machinery, and an increase in jobs. However, after looking past the surface of the industrial revolution, in regards to the promise of great wealth, this promise was not kept, along with other issues. I believe that a â€Å"better life† would mean that people would not have to go through the same struggles they once did before the revolution, struggles such as not having a job, money, homeRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution943 Words   |  4 PagesThe Industrial Revolution, a Revolution that began in Britain in the nineteenth century, saw people move from working in the farming industry to working in factories. This transition from an agrarian society meant that many people moved to cities in search of jobs. New methods of manufacturing allowed goods to be produced far more cheaply and quickly than before. However, the Revolution came with its own negative consequences. The lives of children during the Industrial Revolution were torturousRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution1633 Words   |  7 Pagesmeans of communication, factories to manufacture the products you need, places to work, and ways to travel and transport goods. And what made these possible? The answer is the Industrial Revolution, which started in Europe around the year 1730. A revolution is a major change or turning point in something. The Industrial Revolution was a major turning point in history and in the way people lived. Their careers, living situations, location, values, and daily routines all changed, and they needed it desperatelyRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution1097 Words   |  5 PagesBefore the advent of the Industrial Revolution, most people resided in small, rural communities where their daily existences revolved around farming. Life for the average person was difficult, as incomes were meager, and malnourishment and disease were common. People produced the bulk of their own food, clothing, furniture and tools. Most manufacturing was done in homes or small, rural shops, using hand tools or simple machines. Did You Know? The word luddite refers to a person who is opposedRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution1090 Words   |  5 PagesShort Term Misery†¦ Long Term Gain There are two major industrializations that have occurred through out history, both which began in England. The Industrial Revolution was from 1750 until 1800. The first and second industrialization were filled with many inventions, new societal ideas, new raw materials, new sources of power, also new ideas and societal implements were made enabling the world and society to evolve. Overall these industrialization was filled with death, neglect, and disease but endedRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution936 Words   |  4 Pageseconomist Robert Emerson Lucas wrote in regards to the Industrial revolution: For the first time in history, the living standards of the masses of ordinary people have begun to undergo sustained growth. The novelty of the discovery that a human society has this potential for generating sustained improvement in the material aspects of the lives of all its members, not just the ruling elite, cannot be overstressed.† (Lucas 2002). The revolution itself was ce ntred in Britain before spreading to theRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution705 Words   |  3 PagesThe Industrial Revolution was the quintessence of capitalistic ideals; it bred controversy that led to Karl Marx’s idea of communism as a massive grass roots reaction to the revolution’s social abuses. Firstly, the Industrial Revolution featured the construction of machines, systems and factories that allowed goods to be manufactured at a faster rate with a lower cost. The seed drill made it so there could be â€Å"a semi-automated, controlled distribution and plantation of wheat seed†(Jones 2013). SecondlyRead MoreIndustrial Revolution1160 Words   |  5 Pagesend of the 19th century, a significant change took place in the fundamental structure of the economy. That change was industrialization. During this time period, the United States of America changed from a large, agricultural country, to an urban industrial society. The process of industrialization began to take place in America, and eventually took over the economy during this period. Entrepreneurs and inventors put together various machines and businesses to help better the country function on aRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution Essay2099 Words   |  9 PagesThe Industrial Revolution was one of the largest social and cultural movements that changed the methods of manufacturing of metal and textiles, the transportation system, economic policies and social structure as well. Before the Industrial Revolution, people used to live by season due to agriculture. They thrived on whatever food was in season. Now, as a result of the Industrial Revolution, we live regimented and almost everything that is made, is mass produced. I will discuss three major topics