THE EVOLUTION OF DRUG RESISTANCE IN VIRUSES AND BACTERIA Essay

THE EVOLUTION OF DRUG RESISTANCE IN VIRUSES AND BACTERIA - Essay Example The resultant nature of upcoming bacteria and viruses leads to drug tolerance. In most cases, pathogens acquire newer forms and abilities of resistance through evolution. In a broad sense, the pathogens acquire a stronger resistance against drugs and thus, repel any upcoming drugs, making them ineffective. The development of drug resistance specifically stems from drugs that aim at eradicating specific viral and bacterial proteins. Since such drugs are mainly specific to given viruses and bacteria, any mutation in such pathogens interferes with its destructive nature, which results in drug resistance. As the drugs become more developed, the viruses and bacteria mutate to acquire protective qualities that are commensurate to the strength of the developed drugs. With this in mind, the innate capacity of bacteria and viruses to evolve to such an extent of outpacing upcoming drugs suggests that stakeholders in the medical field should work towards achieving long-term and viable anti-microbial therapies that will evolve with the pathogens’ ability to adapt t o the situation. A succinct analysis of Bryskier (2005), reveals that antibiotics are composed of natural secretions by fungi and bacteria that aim at engulfing and killing other bacteria that are pose competition over limited nutrients. The drugs used in treating diseases in the contemporary originate from such secretions. Professionals in the medical field remain alarmed by the discovery that some viruses and bacteria have developed resistance to drugs, and further evolved through mutations or DNA alterations. Based on information outlined by Fisher and Mobashery (2010), rresidential areas and health facilities act as proper breeding grounds for drug resistant qualities of bacteria and viruses. Such bacteria flourish in an environment dominated by people with ailments and whose immune systems are

Psychological tests Essay Example for Free

Psychological tests Essay Aptitude test is defined as the test of suitability to determine whether an individual is likely to develop the skills required for a particular kind of work (Encarta dictionary, 2008). Aptitude tests are used to calculate abilities over a long period of time, as well as to envisage future learning performance. Example of aptitude tests are the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) and the American College Testing (ACT)). These tests are both college admission tests explored in the prediction of college success. Special aptitude tests The purpose of special aptitude test raises the concept of fidelity and bandwith. Bandwith determines the breath of the traits that is being evaluated while fidelity refers to the extent to which a particular measure focuses on a particular attribute or quality. These tests are explored to prognosticate on the future performance in a subject that the person in question is not currently trained. Goverment parastatals,institutions and business organization often will apply specific aptitude tests when handing over specific privileges to certain individuals. .Furthermore, vocational guidance counseling may involve aptitude testing to help clarify individual career goals (Microsoft Encarta, 2008). If a person has a similar score in comparison to that of individuals already functioning in a particular profession, the probability of success in that occupation can be predicted by the use of aptitude tests. Certain aptitude tests have a wide coverage that includes skills germane to many different professions. The General aptitude test, for instance aside measuring the general reasoning ability also covers the areas of form perception, motor coordination, clerical perception as well as manual and finger dexterity. Other tests may concentrate on a single area such as the Art, Engineering and modern languages (Microsoft Encarta. 2008). One of the examples of special aptitude tests is the sensory or perceptual test and this concentrates on the discrimination of color and visual acuity. It also involves the auditory senses. Another example of special aptitude test is the mechanical test which includes the test of spatial relations and this demands manual dexterity as well as space visualization. There is also the paper and pencil test which includes the Bennet Mechanical comprehension Test and the Minnesota Paper Formboard. Other special aptitude tests are listed below. The clerical test This includes the Minnesota clerical test that consists of 200 pairs of numbers and 200 pairs of names. It also includes the clerical abilities which is an embodiment of 7 other tests like test of proofreading and copying etc. The art and musical test. The Art ability test includes the Art judgment test in which the participant judges between two pictures and chooses the one that is better. In aesthetic perception test, the participant gives an orderly ranking of 4 versions of the same project. The grave design judgment test also allows the participant to adjudicate the best among a group of abstract pictures. Musical ability test The musical ability test gives an analytical assessment of musical ability and it makes use of tones as well as notes to evaluate 6 components of auditory discrimination. The wing standardized test of musical intelligence explores recorded pianoic songs to assess about 8 areas which include the memory, chord analysis and rhythm.

The Non Dredged Reclamation Method

The Non Dredged Reclamation Method With the rapid economic and population growth, various economic, social, housing and transport needs of the community are increasing, resulting in increasing demand for land supply. Due to the limited land supply, reclamation is commonly used to tackle the problem in Hong Kong. However, reclamation does not only contribute to the economic development but also the environmental degradation. In this essay, problems caused by reclamation and possible solutions will be discussed. As mentioned in Environmental Impact Assessment Report (2001), dredging, disposal of marine mud and bulk filling activities may give rise to many potential impacts on water quality. Firstly, solids may be suspended in the water column. Secondly, as mud waves and turbulent flow will be generated, by disturbance, organic and inorganic substances e.g. ammonia, heavy metals and sulphides may be released into the water column. Thirdly, during the compacting and settling process in site formation, contaminants and leachate may be given out from pore water and sediments respectively. As a result, the marine water quality will be deteriorated. 2.2 Marine ecosystem According to Chan (2000), dredging and disposal of waste involved in reclamation will bring adverse effects to the marine ecosystem. Firstly, removal of sediment may lead to the loss of habitat. Secondly, marine organisms may entrain during dredging. Thirdly, dissolved oxygen will be depleted and nutrients will be released into the water. In particular, if there is a significant rise in the nutrient level, algal productivity will increase which may result in à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“red tidesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . 2.3 Air quality The problem of air pollution will arise during the operation period of reclamation as a large amount of dust will be emitted where the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“dustà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  here refers to general suspended particulates. Among various kinds of origins of air pollution, earthmoving (loading, unloading and bulldozing), haul road traffic on unpaved roads and wind erosion of the open site area lower the air quality the most (Chan, 2000). Solutions 3.1 The non-dredged reclamation method Traditionally, the soft marine mud in the seabed is replaced by sand fill to make a strong foundation for seawall construction. Dredging and disposing of marine mud are thus involved. As the dredging process in reclamation is the fundamental cause for the environmental impacts mentioned above, the non-dredged reclamation method is advocated for the future reclamation projects. Making reference to Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge Hong Kong Projects (2011), this reclamation method does not require dredging the soft marine mud in the seabed before backfilling. Instead, inert construction and demolition material is used to fill many large interlocked steel cells. The steel cells will then sink in the water and stay on the alluvium, forming the perimeter wall. (Items, 2011) As found in Items (2011), the non-dredge reclamation has many benefits over the conventional dredge seawall construction method. For instance, dredging and dumping of marine mud can be almost completely avoided. Also, only 30% of the original suspended particles will be released during reclamation and only half of the backfilling material will be needed. Thus the construction marine traffic can be decreased by about 50%. It can be concluded that the non-dredge reclamation method will bring less environmental impacts and therefore it is a better choice for reclamation. 3.2 Development of underground space Enhanced use of underground space is an effective and feasible alternative to increase land supply as Hong Kong is mountainous and abundant with strong volcanic and granitic rocks. This geographic characteristic favours the development of underground space in Hong Kong. Rock caverns can be developed for various land uses such as crematorium, substation, sewage treatment facilities etc (Hong Kong Underground Space Study Executive Summary, 2009). While both measures can relieve the problem of lack of available land, developing underground space has some advantages over reclamation. For example, some undesirable uses like refuse collection point can be built underground so that the impacts on the residents living nearby can be minimised. Moreover, developing underground space does not cause much pollution or take away natural resources, which means that the natural environment can be preserved. Conclusion Though reclamation can provide for the requirements of the economic development, the conventional reclamation method causes water pollution, air pollution and adversely affects the marine ecosystem, which is not an ideal act for the society. In order to strike a balance between economic growth and environmental conservation, the non-dredged reclamation method should be adopted for future reclamation projects as it is more environmentally friendly. In addition to reclamation, development of underground space should be considered which can act as an alternative to increase land supply and reserve our valuable harbour.

Computer Impact on My Chosen Profession :: Technology Technological Society Essays

Computer Impact on My Chosen Profession My chosen profession that I am going to college for is Computer Information Systems. I am not quite sure of the exact job title I would like to get from this. I do know that I would like to be in charge of a business’s technology, be in charge of keeping the systems working, training employees how to use the programs and deciding which new programs would be best for the business. Computers have had a very positive effect on this. For inventory businesses, computers allow the business to immediately know when new products are available by looking on the internet. They are provided many valuable pieces of information about the product, such as quality, price, and so on. The business can quickly and easily buy inventory over the internet and track it as it is being shipped. Once the business receives their inventory they then sell it individually to their customers. Many businesses have websites which allow the consumer to go to the business’s website and do similar to what the business did to get the inventory. They can view product information, see the newest products, and quickly order online. The customer is given an order confirmation number that allows them to check the status of their purchase as it is being shipped and see if there are any delays due to backorders or other problems. IBM is soon going to be marketing middleware that will help enhance these aspects of the business . The middleware will allow a business to manage their product information that exists over a variety of systems. The software will allow for product attributes and locations to be more accurately shared. Many companies still give out inaccurate information about their products because of insufficient technology. This middleware will help solve this business problem allowing businesses to enhance their performance and customer service. This will very positively affect businesses (Beth Bacheldor-InformationWeek.com). Many businesses such as health insurers pay for outsourcing services that run their servers and help with any problems and questions about the systems. Now businesses are demanding much more from their outsourcers.

Cholesterol: A Patient Conversation Essay

Hello Mr. Brown, My name is Jane and I am your PA today otherwise known as a Physician’s Assistant. The doctor had ordered some test for you and I am going to go over your results and explain to you what each of them mean. If you have any questions please feel free to stop me at any time. First we will start off with your Triglyceride level and it was 145 mg/dl. Your Triglycerides is fat in the blood and they are used to provide energy to your body and they are the main form of fat in your body (WebMD, 2014). Your levels are considered desirable meaning they are not very high, however we would like to see them a little lower. The second test that was given was to check your cholesterol and your levels were 210 mg/dl and that is considered borderline high. Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance made in the liver and other cells. Mr. Brown if your Cholesterol is too high and it is it can cause heart problems (WebMD, 2014). The last set of test was to check your LDL and HDL le vels. LDL or Low density lipoproteins is known as bad cholesterol because it can cause plaque buildup on the walls of arteries and the more LDL you have in your blood then the great the risk of heart disease. Your LDL levels were 160 mg/dl and that is considered high, a more normal range should be below 130 mg/dl. HDL or High density lipoproteins are known as good cholesterol and it helps the body get rid of LDL. Your HDL levels were 33 mg/dl and that is considered to be poor. If your HDL levels are low then your risk for heart disease goes up (WebMD, 2014). Mr. Brown there are many factors that play a role for having high cholesterol and some of those you can control and others you can’t. For example, the ones you can’t control are your genetics or family history. The ones that are within your control are inactivity, obesity, and an un-healthy diet. There are many treatments for reducing your high cholesterol like changing your diet or medication. I would like to suggest that you change your lifestyle before you are put on regular medication to control your cholesterol. I know this is something that is of no interest to you because you stated you didn’t want to chang e your lifestyle, however, even if you  are prescribed medications you will still have to make a change to the way you are currently living. Let me tell you the side effects of the medication used to treat high cholesterol. I just want to let you know that tolerance of medications vary from person to person. â€Å"The common side effects are muscle pains, stomach pain, constipation, nausea, and diarrhea† (Mayo Clinic, 2014). Mr. Brown I am sure you are wondering if the benefits of lowering your cholesterol outweighs the risk of taking medication and yes they do. Statins are known as a group of drugs that inhibits the synthesis of cholesterol and promotes the production of LDL and decreases the levels of HDL. These pills may cause a small increase in weight gain and blood sugar which can also increase the risk of Type 2 diabetes, however, they will also prevent you from having a heart attack and stroke so in the long run you would be better off to make simple lifestyle changes and take medication. If you choose not to take medication to help control your cholesterol then there are some other options we can look at. To start off you could change your diet because many foods such as eggs, beef, pork, and cheese will raise your cholesterol. You could try to maintain your weight by exercising more, don’t miss annual physicals with your physician, and quit smoking (Health Media Ventures, 2014). Mr. Brown I can reassure you that we can help you get your cholesterol under control. There are many things as I have said that can be done to help lower your cholesterol and help keep it lowered. I know this is a lot to take in at once but I’m not only here as your PA but also as a friend. If you would like additional information then I can send papers home with you so you can get a better understanding of what is going on and how you can control it. There are many options out there for you but you have to take the first step towards making this change. All I can do is be here for you and share my knowledge with you. I don’t want you to think that I am trying to drastically change your life style or make you do so. There are simple things that can be done to help lower your cholesterol and prevent you from someday having a heart attack. So here are some things I recommend you to do in order to lower your cholesterol eat more soluble fiber and that is found in foods lik e beans, fruits, oatmeal, and vegetables. Eat less fat and fewer foods like meats and dairy products, exercise at least 30 minutes a day on most days of the week, and lose weight. Mr. Brown if I were you I would try these simple changes  to begin with and if doesn’t seem like those changes are working then we can try medications to help lower your cholesterol, but like I said before you will still have to interpret exercise and eating healthy into your daily diet. I know it will be hard at first but with the help of family, friends, and health care providers I know you can do this. I want to be honest with you Mr. Brown, it is important that you make these necessary lifestyle changes in order to live a longer healthier life. I’m not sure if you have a wife, children, or grandchildren but wouldn’t they be worth it to make these few changes in your life? The fact is if you don’t make these necessary changes then you don’t have any other options and you are putting yourself at risk for a heart attack or possibly a stroke, then your wife will be left without a husband, your children without a father, and grandchildren without a papaw. So Mr. Brown you need to ask your self is it worth it? References WebMD. (2014). Cholesterol Basics: Types, Risk Factors, Levels, and Treatment. Retrieved from http://www.webmd.com/cholesterol-management/guide/cholesterol-basicsWebMD. (2014). Triglycerides and Lowering Triglyceride Levels. Retrieved from http://www.webmd.com/cholesterol-management/lowering-triglyceride-levelsMayo Clinic. (2014). High cholesterol Treatments and drugs – Diseases and Conditions – Mayo Clinic. Retrieved from http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-cholesterol/basics/treatment/con-20020865 Health Media Ventures. (2014). Causes of High Cholesterol – Health.com. Retrieved from http://www.health.com/health/gallery/0,,20306953,00.html

Food advertisement Essay

1. How many members are there in your family? a) 3 b) 4 c) 5 d) More than 5 2. How man y children are there in your family? a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4 3. Children ask you money to buy the product which they like. a) Strongly agree b) Agree c) Neither agree nor disagree d) Disagree e) Strongly disagree 4. Children rush in to watch their favourite advertisement a) Strongly agree b) Agree c) Neither agree nor disagree d) Disagree e) Strongly disagree 5. Children listen to minute sounds in the advertisement a) Strongly agree b) Agree c) Neither agree nor disagree d) Disagree e) Strongly disagree 6. Children are stubborn to buy a product a) Strongly agree b) Agree c) Neither agree nor disagree d) Disagree e) Strongly disagree 7. What type of food product do they prefer ↠ Noodles ↠ Soft drinks ↠ Chocolates ↠ Fruit drinks ↠ Snacks 8. Children often prefer junk foods instead of healthy food a) Strongly agree b) Agree c) Neither agree nor disagree d) Disagree e) Strongly disagree 9. Children often talk about advertisement after watching it a) Strongly agree b) Agree c) Neither agree nor disagree d) Disagree e) Strongly disagree 10. Children forget the advertisement when they see the next advertisement a) Strongly agree b) Agree c) Neither agree nor disagree d) Disagree e) Strongly disagree 11. Children are attracted towards an advertisement because of the background music a) Strongly agree b) Agree c) Neither agree nor disagree d) Disagree e) Strongly disagree 12. Children are attracted towards advertisement when they show children of their age group a) Strongly agree b) Agree c) Neither agree nor disagree d) Disagree e) Strongly disagree 13. Children select the product by their own which they use a) Strongly agree b) Agree c) Neither agree nor disagree d) Disagree e) Strongly disagree 14. Children prefer only tasty food and not healthy food a) Strongly agree b) Agree c) Neither agree nor disagree d) Disagree e) Strongly disagree 15. Children are attracted when cartoon characters are shown in advertisement a) Strongly agree b) Agree c) Neither agree nor disagree d) Disagree e) Strongly disagree 16. Children health is spoiled because of advertisement of junk foods a) Strongly agree b) Agree c) Neither agree nor disagree d) Disagree e) Strongly disagree 17. Children get diverted in studies due to advertisement a) Strongly agree b) Agree c) Neither agree nor disagree d) Disagree e) Strongly disagree 18. Children force you to buy the product immediately a) Strongly agree b) Agree c) Neither agree nor disagree d) Disagree e) Strongly disagree 19. Children prefer product when any free gifts where given which are useful for playing a) Strongly agree b) Agree c) Neither agree nor disagree d) Disagree e) Strongly disagree

Relationship Between King Lear and His Fool Essays

Relationship Between King Lear and His Fool Essays Relationship Between King Lear and His Fool Paper Relationship Between King Lear and His Fool Paper Essay Topic: King Lear Refer to Act one, scene five Describe the relationship between King Lear and his Fool in this passage. How is the relationship developed in King Lear as a whole? In Shakespeares King Lear, the relationship between Lear and the fool is crucial to the development of the character of Lear and also to many themes in the play. Interweaving insightful commentaries with clever wit and language, the fool, a loyal associate to Lear, offers an insight into Lears mind. Using juxtaposition with metaphor, symbolism, puns and irony, the fool effectively addresses and understands Lears motives and offers practical, unpretentious advice. The fool effectively gives to Lear a conscience, and highlights his goodness and self-realization as Lear is persuaded to lower himself to the level of another. The play starts with Lear effectively being the fool but gains wisdom and human experiences with the guidance of the fool and learns humility, remorse and compassion. With the fool, Lear becomes a sympathetic character, identifiable as a human, and less as an ignorant king. This passage takes place in act one, scene five after Lears dividing of his land. Conflict between Lear and Goneril has forced Lear to seek the company of Regan, where he hopes he will be treated with better respect. The fool and Lear are alone on stage, and the fool remarks upon Lears misjudgments. The fool focuses on the strange motion of a mans brains†¦ ins heels stating that Lear has misplaced his wits and common sense and has now been infected with kibes. This metaphor is symbolic of Lear’s plans being infested by unwanted intentions. thy wit shall not go slipshod. Lear should not visit his second daughter just as this is an unnecessary action, and for how can your wits be sheltered by slipshod? This imagery is significant to mock Lears poor logic and ignorance, emphasized by the rhetorical question, as it seems like common knowledge that Lear is walking into inevitable disaster. Goneril and Regan are metaphorically Crabapples and cannot be trusted by their approachable appearances. Similarly in Act III scene VI, the fool once again comments on the false appearance of objects. Hes mad, that trusts in the tameness of a wolf, a horses health, a boys love, or a whores oath and urges Lear to reflect on his own actions. Next the Fool comments on Lears judgment by metaphorically likening it to his sensory mechanisms. He states that the noses job is to keep ones eyes on either side of it, which again highlights Lears folly. Lears vision is straight, unyielding, which makes him susceptible to deceptions because he cannot see a wide range of vision that he cannot smell out, Intuitively, Lear perceives that he has treated Cordelia wrongly, triggered by the words of the Fool. It is evident that the fool serves as Lears reflection. As later mentioned in the play, Lear asks who am I? and the fool replies Lears shadow. Lear is unsure of his own identity because he cannot see himself, for a shadow cannot see itself just as eyes cannot see without being separated by the nose. In both cases, the fool acts as the mediator or helper for Lears deeper understanding of himself. The fool comments on the idea that a snail has a house†¦ to puts head in; not to give to daughters. Again the fool uses effective ima gery to highlight the folly of Lear, and the fool foreshadows Lears downfall just as a snail without its house is more susceptible to discomforts and disasters. Now that Lear has abandoned his crown and left his horns without a case, he cannot hold on to the power that once sheltered him from others cruelties and disobedience. Lear, finally realizing the insincerity of his daughters when he divided the land, says I will forget my nature. Here the imagery of the snail not only signifies helplessness and danger after having the crown taken from him, but it also suggests rebirth and new apprehension; Lear has departed from his shell and left his crown behind and is aware of the truths of the world. These lines spoken by the fool is echoed in the storm scene Act III scene IV. Lear remarks unaccommodated man is no more but such a poor, bare, forked animal to address the misfortunes of himself and Edgar. It seems like mans fortune is no better than an animals. He is stripped of his crown and glorious image, down to the basest form of nothing but instinct as he stands within the storm. Lear is deprived of all protections and false ideas; he has indeed exposed himself to the cruelties of the world. Just as the fool foreshadowed, all his follies have come back to leave him with nothing, and without his shell for protection. Lear contemplates reclaiming the crown To taket again perforce! followed by a pause, he says Monster ingratitude! These exclamations are contrasted, as Lear first remarks on his reclaiming of the crown and then to the unthankful nature of his daughters. Lear shows sharp abruptness of thought and indecision as these sentences are incomplete, suggesting panic and onslaught of madness. This supports the thought thou wouldst make a good fool as observed by the fool. This strong contrast between the fluent observant speech of the fool and Lear switches the roles of the wise and the delirious, and signifies the lowering of Lears status and mental state. Further more, as the fool addresses Lear as his fool, Lear is dependant on the logic of someone less intelligent, and not his own ideas as seen earlier, as a man who sees himself in full control of the lands: Know that we have divided in three our kingdom. While earlier, he addressed himself in third person as a sign of authority, now in the presence of the fool he is lowered to a man with no servants or possessions. Finally, the fool comments, thou shouldst not have been old till thou hast been wise. Lear says O, let me not be mad, not mad sweet heaven! This apostrophe addressed to the Gods is an expression of Lears caution in regard to his fall into derangement and confusion after having been rejected by Goneril. F or the first time Lear acknowledges the dangers of hatred towards another, and tries to restrain immersing himself completely with revengeful thoughts. The nature of this conversation is repeated in Act II scene IV, the fool comments that the daughters will treat him with neglect for Fortune, that arrant whore, Neer turns the key to thpoor. Lear, feeling his tempers rising and resting on the verge of madness, comments Hysterica passio, down, thou climbing sorrow. In both cases, the fools words acts as Lears conscience, a force to keep him away from complete loss of reason. The relationship between the fool and Lear highlights many themes within the play King Lear, primarily to the theme of self-awareness and understanding. The fool is the manifestation of the truth in Lear, while offering himself as a reflection to Lear to aid him for a better understanding of human character; pointing directly and acutely to Lears weaknesses and ignorances. There is effective use of language techniques to aid the expressive nature of the fool, being explicit yet underlying in his comments to Lear. Essentially, the fool is Lears conscience that aids to resolve his internal conflicts throughout the play and becomes Lears shadow or reflection, which helps the progression of Lear’s character.

American Beginnings (Part 2) Essay

American Beginnings (Part 2) Essay American Beginnings (Part 2) Essay American Beginnings (Part 2) The Jeffersonian Era Jefferson’s Presidency 1. Election of 1800 a. Adams vs. Jefferson b. Jefferson won Adams by 8 electoral votes c. Jefferson won election d. 12th Amendment passed stating people to cast separate ballots for president and vice president. 2. Simplifying the Government a. Jeffersonian Republicanism: Jefferson’s theory of government that said the people should control the government and simple government was the best b. Reduced army and expenses c. Tried to reduce Federalist positions in government 3. John Marshall and the Supreme Court a. Marbury vs. Madison i. Principle of judicial review established ii. John Marshall = Chief Justice iii. 1803 case in which the Supreme Court ruled that it had the power to abolish legislative acts by declaring them unconstitutional b. Judicial review: ability of supreme court to declare act of congress unconstitutional 4. Louisiana Purchase a. Jefferson expanded US borders b. Bought from France for $15 million c. More than doubled the United States size 5. Lewis and Clark Expedition a. 1803: appointed Lewis and Clark to explore b. Took 2 years 4 months c. Proved transcontinental travel possible Madison and the War of 1812 James Madison became president in 1812 1. The Causes of the War a. US focused on Britain instead of France because of impressment b. Impressment: forcible seizure of men for military service c. Didn’t buy goods from Britain but didn’t affect Britain d. War Hawks: group of young congressmen from South who demanded war e. Upset Native Americans and fought against the settlers f. US called for war against Britain because Native Americans used arms from Britain 2. The Course of the War a. Congress approved war in early June b. US unprepared but Britain focused on Napoleon in Europe c. US invaded Canada and failed d. Tecumseh killed at Battle of Thames e. Aug. 1814: British burned the Capitol f. Jan. 8, 1815: Battle of New Orleans i. General Andrew Jackson got troops to protect city ii. 5,400 Americans fought against 8,000 troops and won with few loses 3. The Consequences of the War a. British and Americans signed peace agreement before Battle of New Orleans but didn’t get to generals before battle was fought b. Treaty of Ghent signed Dec. 24, 1814 declared armistice c. Led to the end of the Federalist party d. Encouraged growth of American industries to replace products no longer available because of war e. Confirmed US as a free and independent nation Nationalism Shapes Foreign Policy President James Monroe (1816) established foreign policy based on nationalism 1. Territory and Boundaries a. 1817: Rush-Bagot Treaty i. Agreement between John Q. Adams and Britain ii. Reduces Great Lakes fleets to only a few b. Convention of 1818 i. Fixed Northern US border at 49th parallel west to Rocky Mountains c. Reached compromise with Britain to jointly occupy Oregon Territory for 10 years d. 1819: Adams-Onis Treaty e. Adams convinced Don Luis de Onis (Spanish Minister) to transfer Florida to US 2. The Monroe Doctrine a. Americans wanted to reduce European power in America b. Monroe Doctrine: a policy of US opposition to any European interference in te affairs of the Western Hemisphere, announced by President Monroe c. Monroe Doctrine created in 1823- important basis for future American policy d. Speech ignored because US had no armed forces to support doctrine The Age of Jackson Regional Economies Create Differences North became industrialized while South became agricultural 1. Early Industry in the United States a. Industries began in North b. Lowered cost of producing goods and increase markets and profits c. Started Industrial Revolution d. 1793: British immigrant, Samuel Slater, brought textile over to Rhode Island 2. Two Agricultural Systems Develop a. Farmers discovered how to specialize in one or two crops to make mass production b. Eli Whitney created the cotton

Cfa Study Outlines Essay Example for Free

Cfa Study Outlines Essay   CFA Curriculum/Blue box examples/EOC problems Month 5: Schweser Slides=>Take practice exam (8X) BOOT CAMP strongly recommended (Creighton University provides an exceptional LIII Boot Camp—Marc Lefebvre teaches the course and has put together an impressive strategic outline) Question Format – Morning: Essay ? Focus on writing key words (study previous actual CFA exam answers and learn what these key words are—just remember that the CFA guideline answers are also considered â€Å"perfect† so don’t think you must include everything stated) ? The morning essay questions are the least correlated with questions from the actual CFA curriculum; therefore, it is absolutely necessary to study past actual CFA Level III exams and familiarize yourself with how they’ll ask questions—you’ll be surprised at how well you may know the material but not quite understand what the questions are asking for – Afternoon: Item Set Multiple Choice ? READ THE QUESTION FIRST! 90% of all questions asked follow the item set chronologically (first portion of item set relates to 1st question, 2nd portion relates to 2nd question, etc. First paragraph is usually an introduction that can be skipped to save time) Special emphasis on essay format (master your timing—Individual Investor IPS/Return Calculation should take < 10 min). DO NOT rely on year to year correlations in question types—expect ANYTHING to be tested – Prior exams are published and are a necessary resource CFA Practice Exam only includes the afternoon item set section; you must take Schweser practice tests/actual prior CFA Level III exams to incorporate the morning session – One of your top goals should be to finish the morning session; many candidates have failed due to the inability to finish—you’ll be surprised at how many extra points you can earn just for taking educated guesses – CFA Level III exam is by far the most difficult although the material is a breeze. Therefore, you must conceptualize the material rather than rely on pure memorization. Special Note: For Level I candidates, place special emphasis on ethics and portfolio management concepts. An in-depth understanding of both saves time from LII and LIII down the road. Memorize Code & Standards and read ALL ethics examples! Portfolio management concepts such as portfolio standard deviation and portfolio variance are recurring concepts that are extremely important for LIII. Taken Directly from the CFA Institute Website Cfa Study Outlines. (2018, Oct 14).

SA3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

SA3 - Essay Example of three children who are playing at sand and a transparent image of a woman; having a cup of coffee in her hand; is apparent on the top with a text above her head â€Å"Cannery Row/ Stay here. Play here.† There is a dark blue box at the bottom having the text, â€Å"When was the last time you had time to just watch your kids play? Come to think of it, when was the last time you joined them.† The peaceful atmosphere shown in the advertisement has a pleasant appeal for the prospective visitors. Children are looking in cheerful mood and the woman, probably a mother, with a smiling face captures the attention of audience and urges them to visit this place along with family. The advertisement has informative genre; telling and inducing prospective visitors regarding the recreational spot. The information is supplied in artistic manner coupled with emotional sentiments with reference to the paucity of time for children. The advertisement manipulates the dream of quality life with family through text as well as images. The advertisement shows only three children with an image of prosperous lady. Surprisingly, no other family or person is looking in the advertisement which means a family has full control over the facilities of the picnic resort. Moreover, it communicates that privacy of a family can be guaranteed at Cannery Row. The advertisement is basically targeted the elite class of the society as this class has sufficient purchasing power to afford the sky-rocketing rates of the resort. A poor or even middle class family cannot afford to go at Cannery Row for recreational purposes. It is not possible to communicate each and every thing in the advertisement. During the production or finalization of an ad, advertising agencies suppose the consumers have some pieces of information about the product. In the under-discussion advertisement, the ad agency took it for granted that audience knows that Cannery Row is a recreational spot. Cultural assumption of the

Introduction to Organisations and Management Assignment - 5

Introduction to Organisations and Management - Assignment Example Management: Managerial Style /Structure in Relation to Watson and H&M Companies†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..pg5 5. Organizational Structure of the two Companies: Focus on System Theory and its Relevance†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. pg6 6. Motivation: A focus on Maslow’s Motivational Theory†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦pg6 7. Group and Team: Belbin’s Team Roles Theory and its Application to Watson and H&M Consulting†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 8. Human Resources Management: A focus on Rational Decision Making Theory in the Context of Watson and H&M Consulting Companies†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦pg10 9. Leadership-Power and its Relevance in Management: A focus on Watson and H&M Consulting†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.pg11 10. Technology†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦pg12 11. Summary: SWOT analysis of H& M Consulting†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.pg13 12. ... Various models have been developed to conceptualize management, yet managers and business owners experience dilemma trying to cope with profit creation or motivation of employees, choosing predominantly the former (Golan 2005). Therefore, some are involved in bullying other employees in the lower ranks (Bernadi 2001) External Environment Business External Environment can be analyzed using PESTEL. Botton and Harris (2008) affirm that PESTEL encompasses Political, Economic, and Social, Technological as well as Environmental and Technological (PESTEL) situations about a company. Accordingly, PESTEL can be used to analyze a company’s external environment. The external environment of Watson seems to be in bad light, since even investors are not comfortable with investing in the company. The company is in a dilemma associated with external business environment (Economic variance of PESTEL). Car manufacturers (Watson’s customers) are facing bottlenecks due to globalization and competition, an issue which has a trickledown effect on the company. The contracts that the company has traditionally enjoyed are as s result reducing. Other effects are associated with reduced transport cost, and manufactures are taking advantage of this to look for cheap supply from far locations. On the other hand H & M Consulting seems to enjoy positive media and thus investing in the company is an issue which many investors would immediately jump into. The company hand is networked across the globe. It deals with both the private and public sector and thus has a good reputation externally which attracts tenders/contracts. For example in 2006, the company achieved a rating of 8.2 out of the 10 for responding to customers’ needs. Organizational

Criteria for Market Segmentation Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Criteria for Market Segmentation - Term Paper Example In recent years studies have been made to refine these demographic variables so that they can be more effectively used. Example of the companies who make effective use of demographic segmentation are Lego, Toys ‘R’ Us, and the early learning centre who not only recognize the differences between children of various age group but also design their products for highly specific defined age categories (Richard M. S. Wilson, 2005). Age segmentation is an important tool for segmenting the consumer market. A variety of terms are used to refer to various age groups. Examples are newborns, infants, young children, tweens, teens and young adults also called Generation Y in United States of America (USA), Adults or Generation X and the baby boomers or the Seniors. Various studies have been conducted which age group consume exactly how much and has influence on how much consumption. For example in USA the total population of tween, the children aged 9-12, this age group spend $20 bil lion in an year and further influence the consumption of $ 200 billion. To cater to their needs brands like Limited design clothes that are more fun like teens. In this each age segment has different specific need in everything ranging from basics like food and clothing to entertainment etc (Charles W. Lamb, 2010). Sex is another important market segmentation tool that helps in helps designing the product and services according to the specific need of the consumer. The segmentation on the basis of gender is most useful in clothing, apparels, and accessories etc. The most evident example is completely different range of toiletries and perfumes for males and females. Now a days gender segmentation is even visible in mobile phones with varying skins for each gender. A common basis of segmenting the consumer market is income. Income is an important determinant of consumption pattern. Companies design their product features, define prices and determine positioning strategy based on the i ncome of the target market. Example of this segmentation is HLL different washing powders sunlight, Wheel, Rin and Surf Ultra for different market segments based on income (Saxena, 2008) Profession and education are also important determinants of market segment. Education level defines taste not only in books but various other consumer goods. For example highly technical and multiple featured mobile phones are popular among highly educated people whereas basic phones are more popular in less educated people that fulfill their needs. Young executives and business professional also prefer multi features internet enabled cell phones that can cater to their mobility needs. Family size and marital status also defines consumption patterns. Single male and females spend more on their personal needs such as slimming equipment, cosmetics items etc and prefer fast food (Johan Botha, 2004). Nationality and religion also play an important role. For example Hall food for Muslims and Kocher for J ews is an important segment. Nationality also defines our tastes in food, clothing and preferences for entertainment etc. Geographical Segmentation Geographic based segmentation splits the market on the physical location of the potential consumers. This segmentation is based on the assumption that consumer living in close geographic proximity has some similarities in their needs and preferences f

Can focusing on literacy improve controlled assessments Research Paper

Can focusing on literacy improve controlled assessments - Research Paper Example In short, well-designed controlled assessments show education professionals what not do; how not to prepare and present the test (Doyle 2008, pg. 22). Literacy is a critical aspect of controlled assessments because oral and writing skills play a huge role in pupils’ ability to understand and solve the challenges posed in controlled assessments. In this paper, I will explore the impact of literacy on controlled assessments and how literacy can be used to influence controlled assessments. Key Words Controlled assessments; literacy; language learning Introduction Coursework has been replaced by controlled assessments at GCSE level. Controlled assessments currently form part of assessment schemes in most subjects, and differs from coursework with respect to the conditions under which they are administered. Unlike coursework, controlled assessments are usually developed under conditions that are closely supervised. In some subjects this may equate to writing up the final part in cl ass over one or more classroom sessions monitored by teachers. This may have to be done under exam conditions (Tileston 2004, pg. 35). Any violation of normal exam regulations can have grave consequences on pupils’ academic lives. Supporting materials like notes (not complete drafts) can be used when writing up. Teachers are usually expected to provide learners with information on how controlled assessments are done in their subjects. Discussion Before I begin my discussion, I would like to take a stand and state that focusing on literacy can actually improve controlled assessments. Literacy basically entails speaking and writing skills, and these two abilities significantly influence the outcomes of controlled assessments. For both teachers and learners, controlled assessments come with different facets that must all be satisfied before the entire process is deemed successful to any extent. These facets include the following: planning; finding; selection; analysis; presentat ion; and self-evaluation (Doyle 2008, pg. 46). All these aspects must be addressed by teachers and learners before and during the controlled assessments and they require sufficient levels of literacy to be dealt with successfully. Learners with very low literacy levels will most definitely find controlled assessments more challenging compared to those who are sufficiently literate. This breeds failure and leads to the development of a bad attitude towards controlled assessments. Individuals naturally have different abilities, and therefore differences in speaking and writing skills will automatically arise. In spite of this, teachers have a responsibility to give all learners the opportunity to develop and perfect their literacy skills (Huot 2002, pg. 58). This way, chances of success in controlled assessments are significantly increased. In other words, poor speaking and writing skills negatively automatically compromise the success of controlled assessments even before they commen ce. Plagiarism is a huge problem not only in controlled assessments but also in examinations. It is condemned and abhorred by teachers and educational institutions, but is yet to be eradicated. Statistics provided by the United States Department of Education reveal that plagiarism and cheating, though problematic in most educational institutions, are most prevalent in learners with poor speaking and written skills (Torrance 2012, pg. 28). This is because they find it hard to read, understand, and

Evidence-Based Practice Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Evidence-Based Practice - Dissertation Example 1. PICOT Question: Does the obese African American (black) sixteen-year-old girl patient undergoing mastectomy and weight loss after surgery have a better chance of losing it that would result to the cancer not spreading to other parts after mastectomy if doctors assist her in losing weight compared if they do not intervene? 2. Intervention Question: In obese African American (black) teenage patients with breast cancer (P), how effective is weight loss after mastectomy compared to mastectomy without any weight loss (C) in minimizing the chances of the cancer spreading to other body parts after treatment (O) during and after the recovery and weight loss period? 3. Therapy Question: How long does it take a patient to lose weight (O) when the patient is an obese African American (black) teenage girl with breast cancer (P) whose doctor assists her in losing weight (I) as opposed to the patient whose doctor does not assist her in losing weight (C) after the six weeks recovery period (T)? 4. Etiology Question: Are obese African American (black) teenage girls (P) whose doctors assist in weight loss (I) lose weight faster and reduce chances of the cancer spreading to other body parts (O) compared with obese African American (black) teenage girls (P) whose doctors do not assist in weight loss (C) after the six weeks recovery period (T)? 5. Diagnostic Question: Is doctors assisting their patients lose weight after mastectomy (I), for obese African American (black) teenage girls (P) a better way of avoiding the cancer from spreading to other body parts (O) compared with doctors who do not help their patients lose weight (C)? 6. Prevention Question: In obese African American (black) teenage girls with breast cancer (P) what is the probability of the cancer spreading to other body parts after the mastectomy (O) when the doctor assists in the weight loss (I) and when the doctors do not assist in the weight loss (C) after the recovery period (T)?

Criteria for Market Segmentation Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Criteria for Market Segmentation - Term Paper Example In recent years studies have been made to refine these demographic variables so that they can be more effectively used. Example of the companies who make effective use of demographic segmentation are Lego, Toys ‘R’ Us, and the early learning centre who not only recognize the differences between children of various age group but also design their products for highly specific defined age categories (Richard M. S. Wilson, 2005). Age segmentation is an important tool for segmenting the consumer market. A variety of terms are used to refer to various age groups. Examples are newborns, infants, young children, tweens, teens and young adults also called Generation Y in United States of America (USA), Adults or Generation X and the baby boomers or the Seniors. Various studies have been conducted which age group consume exactly how much and has influence on how much consumption. For example in USA the total population of tween, the children aged 9-12, this age group spend $20 bil lion in an year and further influence the consumption of $ 200 billion. To cater to their needs brands like Limited design clothes that are more fun like teens. In this each age segment has different specific need in everything ranging from basics like food and clothing to entertainment etc (Charles W. Lamb, 2010). Sex is another important market segmentation tool that helps in helps designing the product and services according to the specific need of the consumer. The segmentation on the basis of gender is most useful in clothing, apparels, and accessories etc. The most evident example is completely different range of toiletries and perfumes for males and females. Now a days gender segmentation is even visible in mobile phones with varying skins for each gender. A common basis of segmenting the consumer market is income. Income is an important determinant of consumption pattern. Companies design their product features, define prices and determine positioning strategy based on the i ncome of the target market. Example of this segmentation is HLL different washing powders sunlight, Wheel, Rin and Surf Ultra for different market segments based on income (Saxena, 2008) Profession and education are also important determinants of market segment. Education level defines taste not only in books but various other consumer goods. For example highly technical and multiple featured mobile phones are popular among highly educated people whereas basic phones are more popular in less educated people that fulfill their needs. Young executives and business professional also prefer multi features internet enabled cell phones that can cater to their mobility needs. Family size and marital status also defines consumption patterns. Single male and females spend more on their personal needs such as slimming equipment, cosmetics items etc and prefer fast food (Johan Botha, 2004). Nationality and religion also play an important role. For example Hall food for Muslims and Kocher for J ews is an important segment. Nationality also defines our tastes in food, clothing and preferences for entertainment etc. Geographical Segmentation Geographic based segmentation splits the market on the physical location of the potential consumers. This segmentation is based on the assumption that consumer living in close geographic proximity has some similarities in their needs and preferences f

Evidence-Based Practice Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Evidence-Based Practice - Dissertation Example 1. PICOT Question: Does the obese African American (black) sixteen-year-old girl patient undergoing mastectomy and weight loss after surgery have a better chance of losing it that would result to the cancer not spreading to other parts after mastectomy if doctors assist her in losing weight compared if they do not intervene? 2. Intervention Question: In obese African American (black) teenage patients with breast cancer (P), how effective is weight loss after mastectomy compared to mastectomy without any weight loss (C) in minimizing the chances of the cancer spreading to other body parts after treatment (O) during and after the recovery and weight loss period? 3. Therapy Question: How long does it take a patient to lose weight (O) when the patient is an obese African American (black) teenage girl with breast cancer (P) whose doctor assists her in losing weight (I) as opposed to the patient whose doctor does not assist her in losing weight (C) after the six weeks recovery period (T)? 4. Etiology Question: Are obese African American (black) teenage girls (P) whose doctors assist in weight loss (I) lose weight faster and reduce chances of the cancer spreading to other body parts (O) compared with obese African American (black) teenage girls (P) whose doctors do not assist in weight loss (C) after the six weeks recovery period (T)? 5. Diagnostic Question: Is doctors assisting their patients lose weight after mastectomy (I), for obese African American (black) teenage girls (P) a better way of avoiding the cancer from spreading to other body parts (O) compared with doctors who do not help their patients lose weight (C)? 6. Prevention Question: In obese African American (black) teenage girls with breast cancer (P) what is the probability of the cancer spreading to other body parts after the mastectomy (O) when the doctor assists in the weight loss (I) and when the doctors do not assist in the weight loss (C) after the recovery period (T)?

Half The Sky Essay Example for Free

Half The Sky Essay With Pulitzer Prize winners Nicholas D. Kristof and Sheryl WuDunn are great authors who give us true stories of girls and woman from Africa and Asia and their extraordinary struggles. We view the Cambodian teenager sold into sex slavery and an Ethiopian woman who suffered devastating injuries in childbirth. Drawing on the breadth of their combined reporting experience, Kristof and WuDunn view our world with anger, sadness, clarity, and, ultimately, hope. Through these stories, Kristof and WuDunn help us see that the key to economic progress lies in unleashing women’s potential. They make clear how so many people have helped to do just that, and how we can each do our part. In much of the world, the greatest unemployed economic resource is the female half of the population. Countries such as China have prospered precisely because they emancipated women and brought them into the formal economy. Realistic, and inspirational, this book is essential reading for everyone. They tell of an attempt to help a woman dying in childbirth in an African hospital, and the institutional, social, and financial problems that block efforts. They discuss how their support for legalization of prostitution was undercut by the more sordid reality they discovered behind the apparent success of just such a legal zone in India (in Kolkata), and examine how legalization of prostitution in the Netherlands compares as an anti-trafficking technique with the criminalization of sex-service purchases in Sweden. They point out how the campaign against female circumcision has been set back by the campaigners’ use of terminology (â€Å"female genital mutilation†) that turned the people they wanted to help against them. Kristof and WuDunn emphasis how important it is for individuals speaking up and resisting—but it’s here that their proposals (or, at least, their exhortations) seem questionable. (Mukhtar Mai) name we have heard before, Usha Narayane, and Sunitha Krishnan are clearly remarkable women, and deserve every support, but it is also true that they are very brave, and driven individuals—and lucky, because of their risk.

Improved Supply Chain Management Benefits

Improved Supply Chain Management Benefits Improved supply chain management has the following benefits: Reduced stock holding. The implementation of effective supply chain a company can reduce the number of stocks it is keeping and at the same time improving the customer service. Reducing stocks on hand will avoid incurring holding costs which is the cost the company pays for storing stocks. It includes warehousing and labour to keep the stocks. Good communication between the company and its suppliers, knowing the minimum stocks needed before reorder, proper estimation of demand, and understanding the mode of transportation will help to determine the correct volume of stocks the company needs in a given period will help it to eliminate excess inventory. Managing the information and communicating and sharing it effectively to suppliers and customers will result to accuracy of the level of stocks needed at a certain period. The inventory level must be enough to meet the demands of the customers and with the minimum costs to be incurred. The supply and the demand for a product must be balanced. Reducing the sto cks avoid tying the company’s capital on unnecessary stocks. Elimination of waste. Waste in form of spoilages, defects, theft and obsolescence can be minimized and possibly eliminated through having the right inventory level to keep on a particular period. Overstocking or overproduction will result to wastes and losses for the company. Customers are only after receiving the right quantity and good quality at the right time. Activities such as unnecessary movement of goods within the warehouse, and warehousing which does not add value to customers should be eliminated. Implementation of an effective supply chain will make this possible. Proper coordination with suppliers and understanding logistics are the keys to deliver customer service and demand at the right place, quantity and time. Improved customer service. Effective supply chain will increase efficiency within a company. Efficient company can deliver best services to customers. It important to recognise what the customers really want and that is what the company will deliver. Only those value adding activities are practices within the company. Value adding activities are those processes within the company that will add satisfaction to customers. Products should be delivered to customers on time and in accordance to their specifications. The customers demand should not just be met but should also be exceeded. Reduced Labour Costs. Effective supply chain will reduce labour costs. Because the processes in the company is well planned and defined, duties and personnel are not redundant. Unnecessary functions are eliminated thus resulting to reduced labour costs. One example is that when a company is maintaining only the right volume of inventory, it will not be needing more people to do the stocking, operating forklift, people who will secure the warehouse and supervisor. Improved Manufacturing Planning. The raw materials required, the timing of deliveries and other activities and resources related to planning a manufacturing of product must all be considered in order to produce a product with the least costs but with good quality that at the end would satisfy customers. In planning the resources, the company should be ready for contingencies and should address the question â€Å"what-if†. Through careful planning, manufacturing a product can be carried on without any reservation because all the possibilities were considered. Just In Time. Just in time is an inventory strategy wherein goods are only received only when needed in production process  [1]. Through this strategy, wastes and carrying costs are minimized because a company is just holding right amount of stocks that will make it able to meet the demands of the customers. This strategy will be effective if the company has strong relationship with suppliers. These suppliers are willing to deliver more frequently and on time to meet customers demand. Methods to overcome barriers in an organisation when implementing a supply chain improvement strategy Inappropriate distribution networks. Distribution network as defined is interrelated arrangement of people, storage facilities and transportation systems that moves goods and services from producers to consumers  [2]. The distribution network should be reliable and fast customers want to get their products when they want it. Inappropriate distribution networks will hinder the proper and fast movement of products from manufacture to customer that is why there should be proper planning on who and what should be included in the distribution network. Ineffective distribution strategies. Distribution strategy is the plan how a manufacturing company will transfer products to intermediaries such as wholesalers to retailers until it reach the end user  [3]. The strategy must we well thought and should use distribution networks that are reliable so that the products will reach customers at the right time. Trade-offs in logistical activity. Trade-offs in logistics may happen for example when deciding to have fewer depots, lowering stocks requirements or using less protective transport packaging in exchange for some advantages such as reducing costs or no need to have large storage facilities. The impact of these trade-off should be considered because this might cause loss in sales due to wrong order picking and other instances related to trade-offs. Reduction of transportation costs. Transportation is one of the costly expenses in supply chain. It is important to have the best quality transport that will bring goods to places at the right time and price. In order to reduce the cost of transportation, a company may reduce the number of carriers, consolidate deliveries and by single sourcing  [4]. In reducing the number of carriers, large volume of works will be given to selected carriers and they will be able to give lower rates. Deliveries may also be consolidated if the trip is based on weight, distance and other variables so that fewer trips will be made. Single sourcing of carrier, the company is getting quotations from several carriers detailing what is required. The company may select the best quotation that can meet the requirements and evaluate if the carrier can perform on the whole duration of the contract. If the carrier has these qualities, the company can get a lot of saving on having single carrier. 5. Increased inventory holding costs Holding costs are cost associated to stocks that are not yet sold  [5]. It includes labour costs, space or rental, costs of damaged goods and other expenses related on keeping the stocks. The company must determine the level of volume of stocks that it needs to keep in order to avoid these costs. Holding cost is also an opportunity cost because having lot of stocks would mean tying the cash on the stocks instead of using the cash on other parts of operation of the company. Inability to integrate processes through the supply chain to share information Supply chain involves information sharing. Supply chain links companies to other companies. If information are shared between companies, it will be available on a real time basis and the companies will be able see the demand and with the ultimate goal of meeting the demands of customers. When companies have reliable and accurate shared information, their processes will be synchronized. All the processes are done to meet what is required. Uncertainties are reduces which results to holding low level stocks that is just right to meet the customer demand. Poor inventory management. Inventory management can be successfully implemented if a company can make a purchasing plan that will ensure that what they hold is just what is needed. It is not too much or too less. Just in time inventory is a good strategy to keep inventory at a certain level wherein the company plans to receive goods only when it is needed thus reducing significantly holding costs. A company can successfully implement through a purchasing plan which schedules delivery of material through the forecasts and projections made on sales. Cash flow problems Reducing costs and avoiding cash flow problems are benefits of effective supply chain. Holding large volume of unnecessary stocks at a given period will cause cash flow problem in a company. Keeping these stocks is equivalent to costs and cash outlays. The company will pay large amount to suppliers but the stocks are not yet sold, tying the cash to the stocks. This will affect the liquidity of the company and can cause problem in a company. References: http://www.shelfplus.com/material-handling-hotline/ten-ways-to-reduce-inventory/ http://viktorwong-logistics.blogspot.co.nz/2012/06/characteristics-of-supply-chain.html http://erp.cincom.com/2012/10/the-wicked-wastes-of-warehousing-2/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturing_resource_planning http://logistics.about.com/od/forsmallbusinesses/a/Reducing-Transportation-Costs.htm http://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/inventory-management.asp http://www.investopedia.com/terms/h/holding-costs.asp http://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/distribution-network.asp http://www.adam-europe.eu/prj/7095/prj/CourieL_WP2_Chapter2_final.pdf [1] Investopedia. Just in Time. July 2014. Retrieved from http://www.investopedia.com/terms/j/jit.asp [2] Investopedia. Distribution Network. July 2014. Retrieved from http://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/distribution-network.asp [3] Business Dictionary. Distribution Strategy. July 2014. Retrieved from http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/distribution-strategy.html [4] Murray, M. Reducing Transportation Costs. July 2014. Retrieved from http://logistics.about.com/od/forsmallbusinesses/a/Reducing-Transportation-Costs.htm [5] Investopedia. Holding Costs. July 2014. Retrieved from http://www.investopedia.com/terms/h/holding-costs.asp

Personal Narrative - Race :: Personal Narrative Essays

Personal Narrative- Race Wait. Be still. Don't go over the line. Don't let go. Wait for it. "BANG!" My reactions were precise as I sprung out of the blocks. The sun was beating down on my back as my feet clawed at the blistering, red turf. With every step I took, my toes sunk into the squishy, foul smelling surface, as my lungs grasped for air. Everything felt the way it should as I plunged toward my destination. I clutched the baton in my sweaty palms, promising myself not to let go. My long legs moved me as fast as I could go as I hugged the corner of the line like a little girl hugging her favorite teddy bear. The steps were just like I had practiced. As I came closer to my final steps, my stomach started twisting and my heart beat began to rise. The different colors of arrows started to pass under my feet, and I knew it was time. "Reach," I yelled to Susan, whom had seemed unusually far away. Yelling, "Slow down, slow down," turned into "Stop!" Susan halted to a stop as the gold baton fell into her hands and she took off into a dead sprint. The devil colored flag rose. We were disqualified from something that we all dreaded; going out of the exchange zone. I had never really been a part of a team that had a chance to win something, but the potential was always there. I finally got my chance to be a part of such a team my sophomore year of track. Mr. Jones, the head track coach, had decided to experiment with some different races to gain more team points. Since the girls' team lacked a medley relay, he placed Cindy, Kim, Susan and I in those spots. Cindy would run the 400, Kim would run the 200, and Susan and I would start the race off by each running the 100. We all had worked viciously to earn those spots by running off against our teammates. Going into the first race we had not expected much since Susan and I had never run this type of race. There were so many crucial things that we had to remember. It wasn't just to get out of the blocks and burn up the track; there was a baton involved, a certain amount of steps to take, and even a certain way to hold the baton.

What influences demand for housing? :: Economics

What influences demand for housing? There are many key factors that will affect the demand for housing some of the easy ones to notice are population and price. These factors effect lots of goods as the larger amount of people the more consumers there will be. With price a consumer will always wish to pay the lowest amount for a good. If the price gets to high then they will find a substitute. Looking at population in more detail it isn't as simple as it would first appear. You could just say the public will buy a house and the more public there is there is more demand for the good. This in turn would allow housing companies to charge larger prices and so only the rich can afford it. The problem is that people don't have to buy a house they can rent one or share one. As well as these factors they can take out a loan to buy the house and pay it back over a period of time. Loan companies charge interest and when interest rates are low more people take out loans as they don't have to pay back such a large sum of money. With lots of loans companies coming up, it has become very easy for anyone to get loan whatever their background is like. Renting a house can be done in lots of ways. Some people make their career in it they buy lots of houses and rent them to people who are unable to buy a house. This is good for people who are only in the country for a short period of time, as you can charge them large amounts because of the location of your house. Some people don't have any money at all and are in a bad economic state and are given a house/flat by the council. They still have to pay money to live in the house but less than from private rent business. Private rent businesses are there to make a profit and will charge higher prices and have better quality goods to match. When looking at price it normally goes on a set pattern that as high prices means less demand and vis versa. The problem was this didn't happen and looking at figure 4.8. This is due to the low interest rates charged by loan companies mentioned above. When addressing others factors you need to look at the country and is it going through some sort of event. During a depression people are find it hard to get a job due to high unemployment. With this the demand for new house with the public wouldn't become a luxury that

Nursing Research Problem Essay

Infections are a common cause of both morbidity and mortality in premature infants; examples of infections include necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and sepsis (infection of the bloodstream). Infections in premature infants result in prolonged ventilation, prolonged hospitalization, and higher medical costs, and can cause neurodevelopment impairment (Manzoni et al., 2009). The use of high-potency antibiotics can lead to resistant strains of bacteria and potentially damage the infant’s liver and/or kidney function. Within the past decade, research has turned from finding treatments to finding methods to reduce infections. Breastfeeding and human milk has been well supported through research to provide immunity and positive outcomes for preterm and full-term infants. Breastfeeding and human milk provides nutritional, gastrointestinal, immunological, developmental, and psychological benefits to preterm infants and plays an important role on their long-term health and development (Callen & Pinelli, 2005). The components of breastmilk that support immunity include lactoferrin, lysozymes, interferon, and sIgA antibody (Callen & Pinelli, 2005). Specifically, lactoferrin (LF) is an iron-binding glycoprotein found not only in breastmilk, but also in saliva, tears, and other bodily secretions; LF has biological functions which include immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant effects, and inhibits growth of pathogenic bacteria, fungi, and viruses (Yen et al., 2009). The described functions of LF support the protective role in immunity. The purpose of this investigation is to determine the effects of oral lactoferrin supplementation on reducing infections in preterm infants. Nature of Problem and Importance to Nursing Practice A nosocomial infection is described as an infection that is acquired after 48 hours of hospital admission (Rodriguez et al., 2010). In neonates,  a late-onset infection is defined as an infection obtained after the perinatal period (Manzoni et al., 2009). Nosocomial infections include infections of the gastrointestinal tract (necrotizing enterocolitis, NEC), blood stream (sepsis), and lung (pneumonia). The effects of an infection in a preterm infant can lead to â€Å"poor growth, adverse long-term neurological sequelae, increased length of hospital stay, and a substantial cost to families, hospitals, and society† (Rodriguez et al., 2010, p. 207). The risk of nosocomial infections increases with the decreasing birth weight and gestational age, and roughly 21% of very low birth-weight (VLBW) infants will encounter a late-onset infection (Stoll et al., 2002). The most common gastrointestinal infection in premature infants is NEC, affecting 2.6% to 28% of VLBW infants (Lin et al., 2005). NEC is widely considered as a multifactorial disease, with no specific pathogenesis; three major factors have been proposed: the presence of a pathogenic organism, the challenge of enteral feeding, and altered enteric mucosa integrity (Lin et al., 2005). NEC is â€Å"characterized by necrotizing injury to the intestine that requires antibiotic treatment and, in severe cases, surgical intervention† (Brooks et al., 2006, p. 347). Reduction of infections in preterm infants is of high priority and active research is being performed to find safe preventative measures, improve patient outcomes, and decrease hospital length of stay. Lactoferrin is an iron-binding protein found in mammalian milk and is important in innate immune host defenses (Manzoni et al., 2009). Partial digestion of LF in the stomach produces peptides called â€Å"lactoferricin† that contain more potent antimicrobial activity (Yen et al., 2009). Human colostrum contains more LF than breastmilk, saliva, tears, or other mucosa linings in the body. Studies have been performed to determine bovine or porcine LF effect on prevention of infection in mice and rat pups; conclusions showed a reduction in â€Å"the frequency of bacterial infections in the GI tract while promoting the growth of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria species, which are generally believed to be beneficial to the host† (Yen et al., 2009, p. 591). Bovine, porcine, and human LF molecules are similar, and bovine and porcine LF has been reported to show higher antimicrobial activity compared to human LF (King et al., 2007). In 2001, the US Food and Drug Administration declared bovine lactoferrin generally recognized as safe  (CFSAN, 2001). Bovine or human LF can be given as a formula additive, breastmilk additive, or given to patients by swabbing of the mouth, either actively feeding or with nil per os (NPO) statuses. Research studies have now been performed on the effects of bovine or porcine LF on prevention of infections in VLBW and preterm infants, and LF shows to be a promising agent of prevention. Evidence-based Practice Question Evidence-based practice (EBP) is defined as â€Å"a practice that involves clinical decision-making based on the best available evidence, with an emphasis on evidence from disciplined research† (Polit & Beck, 2008, p. 753). Nursing practices are changing in the NICU to include swabbing of the infants mouth with colostrum every six hours to assist in prevention of infection and improve feeding tolerance. The following question is developed to determine the outcomes of infection prevention by LF in preterm infants: Does the supplementation of LF decrease the occurrence of nosocomial infections in preterm infants? Conceptual/Theoretical Framework The studies reviewed did not mention a conceptual or theoretical framework pertaining to the relationship of the subjects investigated. A conceptual model of nursing, Levine’s Conservation Model, can be utilized in applying the methods investigated to provide care and prevention of infection in preterm infants. Levine’s Conservation Model is focused in promoting adaptation and maintaining wholeness using the principles of conservation (â€Å"Current Nursing,† 2010). The model guides the nurse to focus on the influences and responses at the organismic level and accomplish the goals of the model through the conservation of energy, structure, and personal, and social integrity (â€Å"Current Nursing,† 2010). Conservation of energy in preterm infants is necessary for appropriate growth, and is achieved by adequate rest and nutrition; fighting an infection in preterm infants results in NPO status and irritability, thus expending energy. The conservation of structural integrity means to prevent physical breakdown and  promote healing, and is the consequence of an effective immune system (â€Å"Current Nursing,† 2010). The technique of LF supplementation and its potential preventative outcome on infection helps the patient conserve energy and structural integrity. Variables and Findings Manzoni et al. (2009) performed a prospective, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial examining whether oral supplementation with bovine LF alone or in combination with Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) reduces late-onset sepsis in 472 VLBW infants. The independent variable of this study is the supplementation of bovine LF or LGG and the dependent variable is the occurrence of infections in VLBW infants. The study randomly allocated infants into three groups; groups consisted of a control group (n = 168, infants supplemented with a placebo) and an experimental group (n = 153, infants given bovine LF alone and n = 151, infants given bovine LF with LGG). The main outcome measured the first episode of late-onset sepsis (sepsis occurring after 72 hours of birth); all tests were two-tailed, and P < .05 was considered statistically significant (Manzoni et al., 2009). When stratifying for birth weight, Manzoni et al. (2009) noted a significant decrease in late-onset sepsis in extremely low birth-weight (ELBW, birth-weight < 1000g) infants (P = .002 for bovine LF v. control and P = .002 for bovine LF plus LGG v. control) whereas it was not significant in infants weighing 1001 to 1500 g (P = .34 for bovine LF v. control and P = .07 in bovine LF plus LGG v. control). Overall, the results showed a significant decrease in the occurrence of infection in VLBW infants in the experimental groups versus the control group (P = .002 for bovine LF v. control and P < .001for bovine LF plus LGG v. control) (Manzoni et al., 2010). A double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study examined the impact of bovine LF supplementation to bottle-fed infants (King et al., 2006). The participants included 52 infants between the age of 0-4 weeks of age, ≠¥34 weeks of gestational age, and ≠¥2000 g, and who were strictly bottle-fed. The infants were randomized in a double-blind fashion; the control group  received a small dose of bovine LF and the experimental group received a higher dose of bovine LF (King et al., 2006). The independent variable is the supplementation of the higher dose of bovine LF and the dependent variable is the impacts observed in the first year of life. The outcomes measured included diarrhea, upper respiratory infection (URI), acute otitis media (AOM), and lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI). The infants were examined six times throughout the year on the measured outcomes. The results showed a significant decrease in the occurrence of LRTIs in the experimental group than in the control group (P < 0.05) (King et al., 2006). Even though this study did not include preterm infants < 34 weeks, the effects of bovine LF are still apparent in the protection against infection. Yen et al. (2009) performed a study to examine the effects of porcine LF as a selective decontamination of the digestive tract (SDD) regimen in neonatal mice. Transgenic mice were generated to express porcine LF; the neonatal mice fed from the transgenic mice and were then challenged with pathogens to evaluate in vivo antimicrobial activity of porcine LF (Yen et al., 2009). The control group contained mice that were fed normal milk and the experimental group contained mice that were fed the porcine LF (Yen et al., 2009). The independent variable is the transgenic mice with porcine LF supplementation and the dependent variable is the antimicrobial activity observed. The outcome measures included the growth rate of the mice pups, the state of the intestinal tract mucosa, and the circulating cytokines (Yen et al., 2009). Yen et al. (2009) concluded that the experimental group of neonatal mice showed a significant reduction of severity of illness (P < .01), a significant inhibition of microbial survival in the intestinal tract (P < .01), and a significant decrease in the number of bacteria cultured (P < .05) than in the control group. The authors proposed that porcine LF is an ideal natural SDD regimen for the prevention of nosocomial infections in critically ill patients (Yen et al., 2009). Conclusion Research has proven the high incidence of a nosocomial infection and its adverse outcomes in a preterm infant. The efforts of research have changed  to finding a method to reduce or prevent nosocomial infections in preterm infants. Human colostrum is best in supplying the infant with LF to fight infection, but other methods of supplying LF are being studied. Research has recently proven that the supplementation of bovine LF has decreased the occurrence of infections in VLBW and preterm infants. Future research should include a larger, neonatal population specifically targeting VLBW and/or ELBW infants and the effect of LF supplementation on prevention of NEC. Further studies are needed to determine the dosing, duration, and type of LF (bovine, porcine, or human) that will be most effective in the prevention of infection in preterm infants without causing adverse effects or intolerance (Venkatesh & Abrams, 2010). References Brooks, H. J. L., McConnell, M. A., Corbett, J., Buchan, G. S., Fitzpatrick, C. E., & Broadbent, R. S. (2006). Potential prophylactic value of bovine colostrum in necrotizing enterocolitis in neonates: an in vitro study on bacterial attachment, antibody levels, and cytokine production. FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology, 48, 347-354. doi:10.1111/j.1574-695X.2006.00151.x Callen, J. & Pinelli, J. (2005). A review of the literature examining the benefits and challenges, incidence and duration, and barriers to breastfeeding in preterm infants. Advances in Neonatal Care, 5(2), 72-88. doi:10.1016/j.adnc.2004.12.003 Current Nursing. (2010). Levine’s four conservation principles. Retrieved on September 23, 2010 from http://currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/Levine_four_conservation_princples.html King, J. C., Cummings, G. E., Guo, N., Trivedi, L, Readmond, B. X., Keane, V., †¦ de Waard, R. (2007). A double-blind, placebo-controlled, pilot study of bovine lactoferrin supplementation in bottle-fed infants. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 44(2), 245-251. Lin, H., Su, B., Chen, A., Lin, T., Tsai, C., Yeh, T., & Oh, W. (2005). Oral probiotics reduce the incidence and severity of necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants. Pediatrics, 115 (1), 1-4. doi:10.1542/peds.2004-1463 Manzoni, P., Rinaldi, M., Cattani, S., Pugni, L., Romeo, M. G., Messner, H., †¦ Farina, D. (2009). Bovine lactoferrin supplementation for prevention of late-onset sepsis in very low birth-weight neonates. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 302(13), 1421-1428. Retrieved on September 4, 2010 from http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/302/13/1421 Polit, D. E., & Beck, C. T. (2008). Nursing research generating and assessing evidence for nursing practice (8th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Rodriguez, N. A., Meier, P. P., Groer, M. W., Zeller, J. M., Engstrom, J. L., & Fogg, L. (2010). A pilot study to determine the safety and feasibility of oropharyngeal administration of own mother’s colostrum to extremely low-birth-weight infants. Advances in Neonatal Care, 10(4), 206-212. Stoll, B. J., Hansen, N., Fanaroff, A. A., Wright, L. L., Carlo, W. A., Ehrenkranz, R. A., †¦ Poole, W. K. (2002). Late-onset sepsis in very low birth weight neonates: the experience of the NICHD neonatal research network. Pediatrics, 110(2), 285-291. Retrieved September 9, 2010 from http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/110/2/285 US Food and Drug Administration, CFSAN/Office of Food Additive Safety. (2001). Agency response letter: GRAS notice (No. GRN 000077). Retrieved on September 23, 2010 from http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodIngredientsPackaging/GenerallyRecognizedAsSafeGRAs/GRASListings/ucm154188.htm Venkatesh, M. P., & Abrams, S. A. (2010). Oral lactoferrin for the prevention of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Art. No.: CD007137 (5). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007137.pub2 Yen, C., Lin, C., Chong, K., Tsai, T., Shen, C., Lin, M., †¦ Chen, C. (2009). Lactoferrin as a natural regimen for selective decontamination of the digestive tract: recombinant porcine lactoferrin expressed in the milk of transgenic mice protects neonates from pathogenic challenge in the gastrointestinal tract. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 199, 590-598. doi:10.1086/596212

Respiration and Photosynthesis

â€Å"Respiration† and â€Å"Photosynthesis† All life depends on two chemical reactions â€Å"Respiration† and â€Å"Photosynthesis†. These two processes are quite crucial because they are a source to nearly all life on Earth. Both of these processes are quite similar yet differentiate vastly. In this essay I’ll be comparing and contrasting â€Å"Photosynthesis† and â€Å"Respiration†. I’ll start by discussing what actually happens in both these processes and how? Moving on to the energy transfers these processes go through and how these reactions relate to each other. Plants feed using a process called ‘Photosynthesis’. Photosynthesis is the chemical change which happens in the leaves of green plants. It’s the first step towards making food; not just for plants but ultimately every animal on the planet. During this reaction carbondioxide and water are converted into glucose and oxygen. For this reaction to occur both carbon and nitrogen are absorbed from the roots as nitrate and so is carbon as carbondioxide from the air and it also needs energy as the reaction is endothermic, therefore the energy is ‘light’ from the sun. This is absorbed by a green substance called chlorophyll in the leaf. Therefore, photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts which are present in the palisade cells (found near the top of the leaf. ) (fig: 1 ) As chloroplasts contain a green pigment called chlorophyll, which absorbs light energy needed to make photosynthesis happen. The equation for this reaction is: 6CO2 + 6H2O+ light energy —> C6H12O6 + 6O2 Sugars created in photosynthesis can be later converted by the plant to starch for storage, or it can be combined with other sugar molecules to form specialized carbohydrates such as cellulose, or it can be combined with other nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur, to build complex molecules such as proteins and nucleic acids. Moreover, ‘respiration’ is reversibly related to photosynthesis because it takes in light energy and respiration gives out energy, which is used by the body as the glucose is converted into starch or stored. Oxygen is consumed unlike in photosynthesis, although in respiration energy is released in a more controlled and manageable way. During photosynthesis water and carbondioxide are chemically combined to make glucose and oxygen. The equation as follows: C6H12O6 + 6O2 —> 6CO2 + 6H2O In addition, respiration and photosynthesis are both processes which depend on each other on a very wide scale. Fig: 2 explains this. (Fig: 2 ): Shows a cycle and how photosynthesis and respiration are dependent on each other. As the leaf produces oxygen through photosynthesis and then that oxygen is inhaled by an animal. Later, the animal breathes out carbondioxide, and that is then absorbed by the plants through leaves by the air, in order for respiration to happen; making this ongoing cycle continue. Though photosynthesis only takes place in leaves of plants (inside palisade cells) during the presence of light, respiration takes place in every living organism inside the mitochondria of the cell, with or without light being present or not. As all cells need energy through the sugar they made in their leaves; oxygen moves through diffusion through the plant from cell to cell. Any oxygen not used by the plant in respiration, leaves the plant through tiny holes under the leaf called stomata. That’s then part of the air we breathe, making the whole process start again. That’s how closely photosynthesis and respiration are linked to each other. Whilst, both respiration and photosynthesis are quite similar yet unlike at the same time. Respiration is a process by which energy is liberated. On the other hand photosynthesis is a procedure where energy is stored in carbohydrate molecules as in, photosynthesis is an anabolic (constructive) process, resulting in the building up of carbohydrate molecules. While in respiration a catabolic (destructive) process occurs, resulting in the breakdown of carbohydrate molecules. So, respiration results in a loss in dry mass where photosynthesis is totally the opposite, it results in a gain in ordinary mass. Furthermore, there are enzymes involved in the process of respiration. Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up a reaction. The organic compounds that are broken down are substrates. Glucose is the most common substrate. The general equation for respiration is: C6H12O6 + 6O2 —> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38ATP During respiration, glucose undergoes glycolysis forming pyruvic acid. Glycolysis consists of nine separate chemical reactions, each catalysed by a specific enzyme. The key players in glycolysis are the enzymes ‘dehydrogenase’ and a coenzyme (a non-protein helper). So, in photosynthesis is catalysed by chlorophyll. To summarize, photosynthesis takes the raw ingredients of water, carbondioxide and uses light to make glucose and oxygen. Despite, respiration uses glucose and oxygen to produce carbondioxide and water as waste products. Both these processes takes place in cells except respiration takes place in the mitochondria of a cell. Photosynthesis is catalysed by chlorophyll acting in concert with lipids or sugars, while in respiration ‘dehydrogenase’ is used. Nevertheless, photosynthesis and respiration both are a part of an ongoing cycle and work together in order for plants or animals to survive.

Case Study Analysis Bush Boake Allen Marketing Essay

Case Study Analysis Bush Boake Allen Marketing Essay 1. Introduction Since its foundation in 1966 by merging of three British companies, Bush Boake Allen had been outstanding and known to one of the leading firms in the flavor and fragrance industry. The firm seemed to be in a stable industry as such food and fragrance are closely associated with people’s daily life. However, BBA had to be coped with the cost pressure and high risk given the traditional business model. On the top of that, by using new technologies, some firms can analyze production cost information of flavor and even chemical components as well. That made flavor prices in the market might be forced to decrease (Stefan Thomke and Ashok Nimgade 2000). For the above reasons, Julian Boyden, CEO of BBA is about to begin new business strategy called â€Å"Mercury Project† which allows their customers to actually participate in flavor development process via online-based application software. In a setting where customers can handle flavor, there may be some adv antages in terms of time-saving and high-rate acceptance by customers themselves who manipulate flavors in the development. This may bring about substantial change not only to the firm’s business model but also relationship between the firm and customers. The thing is, however, not absolutely optimistic to the firm, as senior managers of BBA countered the new approach may be somewhat challenging and controversial on following several issues. First and foremost of all, the firm may be concerned with how much they give customers authority to control flavor development. This is related to where the flavor sample product machine should be located. For example, if customers get an authority to control the flavor development in their sites, they had to pay half million dollar for machine which may be not very affordable to the customers. Secondly, even if the customer has an opportunity to manipulate the new machine, they could be frustrated if they have difficulty operating the ma chine and software or fail to get the flavor they initially wanted. What is more, even customers who take advantage of the new software might underestimate flavorsists of the firm. Thirdly, the role of marketing is doubtful in the new business model. Traditionally, division of marketing had significant impact on the firm performance due to the fact that marketers closely had relationship with their customers from the flavor development to delivery of finished sample. On the other hand, as customers can directly involve in flavor development, task of marketers may decline. This paper will begin with the overview of the company and market environment of that time period. Then the paper will continue with the analysis of the business strategy and present managerial recommendations for Bush Boake Allen in the end. 2. Company Overview: Bush Boake Allen Since its foundation in 1966 by merging of three British companies including Bush Ltd., A. Boake Roberts Ltd., and Stafford Allen Ltd5), Bush Boake Allen, Inc had provided flavors and fragrances to the consumer products companies for use in foods, beverages, soaps and detergents, and so on. The BBA’s key global strategy had been â€Å"maintaining a decentralized structure. They tried to give empowerment to regional subsidiaries to locally make their decision (Stefan Thomke and Ashok Nimgade 2000). Especially in 1980’s, through a â€Å"Gaps in Maps† strategy, they started to launched global sites to accomplish consistent supply to customers and meet the local preferences. By 2000, BBA had 6 major sites Montvale, Dallas, London, Chennai, Singapore, and 13 minor sites worldwide.

The cases of Maryland v. King and Florida v. Harris Essay

The cases of Maryland v. King and Florida v. Harris - Essay Example In such scenarios, I believe that the overall circumstances must be considered in totality instead of referring to different legal provisions in isolation and verifying compliance with them. It is also vital that the final decision becomes source of benefit for the maximum number of stakeholders involved and doesn’t breach the universally accepted rights. This paper discusses similar two cases, elaborating on legal facts of the case and arguments presented by different courts. It includes my critical evaluation of the two cases where I strongly agreed or disagreed to either court’s decisions, concurring opinions or dissenting judgments. Case 1 – Maryland v. King: Agreement This began in 2003 when a masked man named Alonzo King raped a woman in Maryland and escaped, not to be found until in 2009, when he got arrested and was identified during a DNA cheek swab test as part of routine search procedures. DNA sample matched the previous one from rape case and hence th e criminal was charged with former offences as well. Subsequently, King went into the Circuit Court to hold that the authorities were not entitled, as per Fourth Amendment Rules, to evade his privacy and conduct routine search on him and therefore any evidence drawn during the course of such procedures shall be invalid and cannot be held in the court of law. The court disagreed and continued to penalize him with life sentenced imprisonment with no allowance of parole. However, eventually Court of Appeals of Maryland agreed to notion presented by King and disregarded the conviction placed on him. In event of disagreement, the Supreme Court intervened and declared King as guilty as there is no violation of Fourth Amendment requirements. Justice Roberts, Thomas, Breyer and Alito gave concurrence that it doesn’t constitute to invasion of privacy while Justice Scalia, Sotomayor, Ginsburg and Kagan gave dissenting opinion that DNA test is too specific and advanced to be considered as a routine procedural check and is only executed when there is a preconceived suspicion on an individual (Supreme Court of the United States, 2013a). I agree with the court’s final decision in this case as it seems most appropriate, legitimate and socially correct. Firstly, nature and duration cheek swab test is so minor that it cannot be considered to be a source of privacy intrusion. Secondly, it is essential to consider the end-results to any incidence. In this case, the DNA test eventually generated favorable results by identifying a criminal that was long lost and roaming free in our society. Thus, this decision also indirectly benefits our community by keeping its interests safe from such escaped criminals. DNA test is merely a method used for crosschecking an identity so it can be stored in database for subsequent retrieval and can also be used to generate past criminal history of the guilty individual. Additionally, the Fourth Amendment rules cannot be stated to hav e been breached if any check or search has been conducted in pure good faith with no biased intentions. Obviously, it is difficult to prove good faith but overall circumstances, as in this case, give clear cues regarding the reasons behind the test being conducted. Therefore, in light of the above arguments, I believe that court’s decision was legally as well as ethically correct and furthermore, I would strongly recommend that regulatory authorities must use lessons from such instances to adjust legal provisions and include DNA testing practice in standard routine search procedures as it does atleast no harm to the society as a whole, if not